Horse Artillery in the XVII Century?
Although the term 'Horse Artillery' is associated with the
18th Century, the concept was well established some two hundred years earlier. According
to Tomczak in Taktyka artylerii konnej wg regulaminu T. Kosciuszki:
"Paul Jovius described the essence of light artillery
moving where and when required by horsepower in 1494, in Historia del sue tempo. The
French king Henry IV reportedly proposed arming his cavalry with cannons. In 1533, Maurice
Sask in the battle of Sivershausen assigned light artillery to assist his cavalry.
"Horse artillery in connection with the Polish army is
described in K. Gorski's Historia Artylerii. Horse artillery was a factor in the
cavalry battle of Lopusza in 1512. Gorski concluded that the field pieces involved were
falconetts (3 pounders). This was not necessarily dedicated and specialized horse
artillery, but this was nevertheless a joint effort by cavalry and, by necessity, highly
mobile artillery.
"In steps, light, mobile proto-horse artillery became
part of the regimental organization, assigned in close support of infantry. In the west
artillery gained a role in the army as important as cavalry. Gustav Adolf organized light
artillery as part of infantry regiments...."
M. Rostafinski in Zarys rozwoju historii wojskowosci w
Polsce, p. 79, argues that Horse Artillery was a fact in 17th C. Poland. The Pole's
light artillery was used in a highly mobile fashion, and had the necessary equipment for
horse artillery, and were integrated in the battle line and used (in a very modern way) in
close support of cavalry and infantry, so they were in effect horse artillery. However,
they were not explicitly organized as standing units dedicated to the support of cavalry,
the modern technical definition. So purists can still claim that it is not really Horse
Artillery, although I wish to add the point that the Poland had a cavalry army with
supporting infantry, whereas all western European nations had infantry armies supported by
cavalry.
Who gets the official credit for the first standing
organization of horse artillery? Tomczak observed that some say it was Peter I, others
claim Frederic II of Prussia. Peter Is reform was to provide his dragoon regiments
with two light artillery pieces. The artillery took on the character of dragoons, and
could accommodate the rapid pace of travel required in support of cavalry. Frederic II of
Prussia gets credit for horse artillery as standing companies dedicated to supporting
cavalry with highly mobile operations - the fully modern late 18th through early 20th
century concept.
Certainly the term Horse Artillery was new in
the XVIII century. T. Kosciuszku in his 1808 treatise on horse artillery prepared for the
American army mentioned that when he first brought up the concept some officers apparently
thought that he meant that the artillery pieces were to be strapped on the horses back.